Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Complete the summary using the list of words/phrases A–L below.
The One Health approach to antibiotic resistance involves human, animal, and (21) ______ health. Many countries have developed national plans, but (22) ______ is inconsistent. In hospitals, antimicrobial stewardship programs have, for instance, reduced (23) ______ infections in the UK. The EU banned antibiotics for (24) ______ in 2006, while Norway succeeded using vaccines and hygiene. Rapid diagnostic tests and the WHO’s (25) ______ classification help preserve last-line drugs. Future solutions include (26) ______ therapy and CRISPR.
Word list:
A) environmental
B) C. difficile
C) growth promotion
D) fungal
E) implementation
F) economic
G) AWaRe
H) phage
I) viral
J) pandemic
K) cancer
L) water Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.
Causes of AMR:
Consequences:
A. The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century is often cited as one of the greatest achievements in medical history. Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, transformed once-fatal infections into manageable conditions, saving countless lives. However, this medical triumph is facing a formidable adversary: antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon occurs when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the drugs designed to kill them. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist, and the risk of spreading resistant strains to others increases.
B. The mechanism of resistance is a classic example of Darwinian evolution. When a person takes an antibiotic, the drug kills the susceptible bacteria, leaving behind only those few bacteria that, by chance or genetic mutation, possess traits allowing them to survive. These survivors then multiply, becoming the dominant strain. This process is accelerated significantly by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. When drugs are used unnecessarily—for instance, to treat viral infections like the common cold, against which they are ineffectual—bacteria are exposed to the medication without fully eradicating the infection, providing an environment for resistance to flourish.
C. While the natural biological mutation of bacteria is a slow process, human activity has rapidly escalated the crisis. In many parts of the world, antibiotics are readily available over the counter without a prescription, leading to self-medication and improper dosing. Furthermore, the agricultural sector is a major driver of resistance. Farmers frequently administer antibiotics to livestock not only to treat illness but also to promote growth and prevent disease in crowded conditions. This sub-therapeutic usage creates a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can be transmitted to humans via the food chain or through environmental contamination. Complete the summary using the list of words/phrases
D. The implications of a "post-antibiotic era" are profound. Routine medical procedures that rely on prophylactic antibiotics, such as joint replacements, organ transplants, and cancer chemotherapy, would become life-threateningly risky. Common infections, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and blood poisoning, could once again become fatal. The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that antibiotic resistance threatens the very core of modern medicine and could result in a global economic burden comparable to the 2008 financial crisis, due to prolonged hospital stays and lost productivity.
E. Addressing this growing threat requires a multifaceted approach. On an individual level, patients must adhere strictly to prescribed courses of treatment and avoid demanding antibiotics for viral illnesses. Policymakers are urged to implement stricter regulations on the sale of antibiotics and invest in better diagnostic tools to ensure drugs are only prescribed when necessary. Simultaneously, there is a pressing need to stimulate pharmaceutical research. The development of new antibiotics has stalled in recent decades because the financial return on drugs that are used sparingly is low. Without a renewed commitment to innovation and stewardship, the world risks returning to a time where a simple scratch could prove fatal.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write: Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN
Complete the sentences below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.