| Dimension | Consequences | |-----------|--------------| | Physical Health | Injuries, sexually transmitted infections, chronic pain. | | Mental Health | PTSD, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation; studies show 45 % of abused TKW report severe depressive symptoms. | | Economic | Loss of wages, debt accrual, inability to remit money home; many return with no savings. | | Social | Stigma, family breakdown, difficulty reintegrating into Indonesian society. | | Legal | Fear of criminal prosecution for “immigration violations” if they report, leading to further marginalisation. |
| Law / Regulation | Main Points Relevant to TKW | |------------------|-----------------------------| | Law No. 18/2009 on the Protection of Migrant Workers | Requires agencies to provide pre‑departure training on rights, and obliges the government to monitor contracts abroad. | | Law No. 13/2003 on Sexual Violence (amended 2022) | Criminalises rape, sexual assault, and sexual exploitation, but enforcement against foreign employers is limited. | | Presidential Regulation No. 12/2022 on “Pemberdayaan Tenaga Kerja Wanita” | Sets up a dedicated hotline and a “Migrant Women Protection Unit” within the Ministry of Manpower. |
| Actor | Initiative |
|-------|------------|
| Indonesian Government | • One‑Stop Service Centres for migrant workers in major cities.
• Mandatory pre‑departure orientation covering “rights against sexual abuse”. |
| Foreign Embassies | • 24‑hour hotlines; in some Gulf states, “Safe House” facilities for TKW. |
| NGOs | • Lembaga Perlindungan Pekerja Migran (LP2M) – legal aid, shelter, repatriation.
• Yayasan Kesejahteraan Wanita – counseling and trauma therapy.
• International NGOs (e.g., Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International) – advocacy and documentation. |
| International Bodies | • ILO’s Domestic Workers’ Programme – capacity‑building for host‑country ministries.
• UN Women’s Safe Migration guidelines. |
| Technology | • Mobile apps (e.g., “Migrant Safe”) that allow TKW to anonymously report abuse and receive location‑based legal advice. | tkw di entot majikan
| Phase | Duration | Key Activities | |-------|----------|----------------| | Phase 1 – Policy Drafting | 0‑6 months | Draft digital contract registry law; negotiate bilateral clauses. | | Phase 2 – System Development | 6‑12 months | Build secure online contract portal; train agency staff. | | Phase 3 – Pilot & Monitoring | 12‑18 months | Roll out pilot in two high‑volume destinations (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong); collect data on “unknown employer” cases. | | Phase 4 – Full Deployment | 18‑30 months | Nationwide implementation; integrate with embassy consular services. | | Phase 5 – Review & Adjustment | 30‑36 months | Evaluate effectiveness, refine procedures, expand to additional destinations. |
| Indicator | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 (pre‑midyear) | |-----------|------|------|-------------------| | Total TKW deployed | 180,000 | 190,000 | ~200,000 (estimate) | | Reported cases of “unknown employer” | 2,100 (MoMT hotline) | 2,350 | 2,600 (projected) | | Confirmed abuse cases linked to unknown employers | 1,420 | 1,560 | 1,720 | | Successful repatriations | 1,050 | 1,180 | 1,250 | | Convictions of traffickers / unscrupulous agencies | 12 | 15 | 18 | | Law / Regulation | Main Points Relevant
Data sources: Ministry of Manpower & Transmigration annual reports, ILO migrant workers database, NGOs (e.g., Yayasan Pengembangan Perempuan).
| Stakeholder | Interests | Influence | Typical Actions | |-------------|-----------|-----------|-----------------| | TKW (workers) | Safe, fair employment; clear contracts; ability to remit | Low (individual) | Seek agency placement, rely on community networks | | Recruitment Agencies | Placement fees, reputation, compliance (or lack thereof) | Medium‑High (licensed agencies) | Provide contracts, sometimes conceal employer details to reduce cost | | Employers (households) | Domestic help, cost control | High (in host country) | May hide identity to avoid legal obligations | | Indonesian Government | Protect citizens, maintain remittance flow, uphold international reputation | High | Regulate agencies, monitor overseas missions, provide hotlines | | Destination‑Country Governments | Labor market regulation, diplomatic relations | High | Enforce local labor laws (varying degrees), sponsor system | | NGOs / Civil Society | Human rights, anti‑trafficking | Medium | Provide counseling, legal aid, advocacy | | International Bodies (ILO, UN) | Global labor standards | Medium | Issue conventions, technical assistance | | Phase | Duration | Key Activities |
| Level | Instrument / Institution | Key Provisions | |-------|--------------------------|----------------| | Indonesia (Sending Country) | Law No. 18/2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers | Mandates pre‑departure training, licensing of recruitment agencies, and the right to a written contract naming the employer. | | | Ministry of Manpower & Transmigration (MoMT) | Oversees agency licensing; operates the “TKW Protection Hotline” (112) and “One‑Stop Service” for complaints. | | Destination Countries | Varies (e.g., Saudi Arabia’s Domestic Worker Law 2015; Malaysia’s Employment Act 1955) | Some require a sponsor (kafeel) and a contract; many lack explicit domestic worker protections. | | International | ILO Convention No. 189 (Decent Work for Domestic Workers) | Sets standards for fair contracts, decent working conditions, and protection against abuse. Indonesia ratified in 2020. | | | UN Trafficking Protocol | Obligates states to prevent and punish trafficking, including for labor exploitation. |
Gap Highlight: Enforcement of existing laws is uneven, especially when employer details are hidden. Victims often lack evidence to trigger legal processes.
Sexual exploitation in this context refers to any non‑consensual sexual act, coercion, or demand for sexual services by an employer or a person acting on the employer’s behalf, including but not limited to: