| Transaction Type | Ruling per Hadith No. 460 | |----------------|---------------------------| | Rent land for fixed amount of silver/gold (cash) | Permissible (Ijarah) | | Sharecropping with known percentage (e.g., 50%) | Permissible – proven by Khaybar | | Rent land for fixed quantity of produce (e.g., 5 tons of wheat) | Prohibited (due to Gharar) |
While the exact wording of Hadith No. 460 may vary slightly by manuscript, the core tradition in Umdah al-Ahkam corresponds to the widely reported narration from Abdullah ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said:
“If people were given (everything) according to their claims, some men would claim the wealth and blood of others. But the burden of proof (bayyinah) is upon the claimant, and the oath (yamin) is upon the one who denies (the claim).” Umdah Al-ahkam Vol. 3 Hadith No. 460
This hadith is narrated via a muttafaq ‘alayh chain (agreed upon by al-Bukhari and Muslim), making it among the strongest categories of prophetic traditions. In Umdah al-Ahkam, al-Maqdisi selects this version for its reliability and direct legal applicability.
A nuanced understanding derived from this hadith is that afflictions befalling a believer are categorically different from divine punishment ('adhab). Punishment is for disobedience in the Hereafter unless repented from. The trials mentioned here are not punishments but rahmah (mercy) in disguise. For the disbeliever, worldly suffering may be a precursor to greater punishment; for the believer, it is a precursor to purification and elevation. | Transaction Type | Ruling per Hadith No
Scholars have extracted several key rulings from this single narration:
| Issue | Ruling | |-------|--------| | Evidence type | Two male witnesses, or one male + two females, or written evidence in modern courts | | Oath format | “By Allah, I do not owe this claimant anything” (specific to the denial) | | Oath refusal | Considered as admission (nukul), shifting judgment to claimant’s favor (Hanbali opinion) | | Multiple defendants | Each may be required to swear individually | | Criminal cases | In hudud (fixed penalties), the oath is not used to prove guilt—only to exonerate | “If people were given (everything) according to their
The hadith lists a spectrum of afflictions:
By concluding with "even the prick of a thorn," the Prophet (peace be upon him) emphasizes that no suffering is too trivial in the sight of Allah. This inclusion dismantles any notion that only great calamities carry spiritual weight. It elevates every moment of discomfort—physical, emotional, or psychological—into an opportunity for spiritual purification.